Abstract
This study focuses on the opportunities for change offered by inter-generational succession. We do not consider succession as a destabilizing event, possibly compromising the continuity and survival of the business, but rather as a condition favorable to the development of the small family-owned businesses. In this perspective, a classification of various types of change is proposed and some factors that could contribute to the activation of innovative dynamics are analyzed. The analysis of facilitating factors performed on fourteen successful cases show the importance of the following aspects: the successor’s training and his/her ability to manage change, the degree of openness of the predecessor, involvement in decision process of subjects outside the family, recourse to other family members (internal or external) and to other subjects, succession planning (even if not even formalized). Instead, transfer of ownership is not a decisive factor for the activation of innovative processes.References
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Bird B., Brush C.G., (2002), “A gendered perspective on organizational creation”, Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 26 (3).
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Boldizzoni D., Cifalinò A., Serio L. (2000), “L’impresa familiare: modelli di analisi ed evidenze empiriche. Una ricerca sull’imprenditorialità marchigiana”, Piccola Impresa/Small
Business, n. 3.
Cabrera-Suarez K., De Soa Perez P., Garcia Almeida D. (2001), “The succession process from a resource and knowledge-based view of the family firm”, Family Business Review, 14, (1).
Cesaroni M.F. (2006), “Filoni emergenti e ancora attuali in tema di imprenditorialità. L’ascesa delle donne e degli immigrati”, in Scritti in onore di Isa Marchini, Franco Angeli, Milano.
Chiesa V., De Massis A., Pasi M.L. (2007), “Gestire la successione nei family business: analisi di alcuni casi italiani”, Piccola impresa/Small business, n. 1.
Chirico F., Salvato C. (2008), “Knowledge Integration and Dynamic Organizational Adaptation in Family Firms”, Family Business Review, 21 (2).
Churchill N.C., Lewis V.L. (1983), “The five stages of small business growth”, Harvard Business Review, May-June.
Cifalinò A. (2000), “La partecipazione femminile all’impresa: una sintesi critica”, Problemi di gestione dell’impresa. Raccolta di studi e ricerche, n. 29.
Cole P.M. (1997), “Women in family business”, Family Business Review, 10 (4).
Compagno C., Pittino D. (2001). Succession processes and top team evolutions in small family business, Research Forum Proceedings, FBN annual world conference, Rome.
Compagno C., Cagnina M.R. (2004), CRES-Imprenderò – Mappatura e dimensionamento del fenomeno della successione generazionale nel Friuli Venezia Giulia, Progetto di ricerca (Centro Regionale Servizi per la Piccola e Media Industria – Progetto Imprenderò della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia).
Compagno C., Gubitta P. (2004), “Le PMI del Nordest tra continuità e sviluppo: una nuova classe imprenditoriale?”, nordesteuropa.it, n. 1.
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Corbetta G. (1995), Le imprese familiari. Caratteri originali, varietà e condizioni di sviluppo, Egea, Milano.
Corbetta G. (2008), “Learning from practice: how to avoid mistakes in succession processes”, IESE – Book Chapter, disponibile sul sito www.itfera.it.
Costantinidis C., Nelson T. (2008), “Integrating Succession and Gender Issues from the Perspective of the Daughter of Family Enterprise across the U.S. and EU”, working paper.
Craig B.L.J., Moores K. (2006), “A 10-year longitudinal investigation of strategy, systems, and environment on innovation in family firms”, Family Business Review, 19 (1).
Cucculelli M. (2004), “Imprenditorialità e progetti di innovazione nel passaggio generazionale dell’impresa. Il caso delle Marche”, Economia Marche, n. 3.
Damanpour F., Evan W.M. (1984), “Organizational innovation and performance: the problem „organizational lag””, Administrative Science Quarterly, n. 29.
Danco K. (1981), From the other side of the bed: a woman looks at life in the family business, University Press, Cleveland.
Davenport T.H., Prusak L. (1998), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, USA.
Davis P., Harverston P. (1998), “The influence of family on the family business succession process: A multigenerational perspective”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, n. 19.
Dematté C. (2001), “Modello di gestione e ciclo di vita delle imprese”, Economia & Management, n. 3.
Donckels, Frohlich (1991), “Are Family Business Really Different? European Experience from STRATOS”, Family Business Review, 4 (2).
Dubini P., Songini L. (2002), I rapporti famiglia-impresa: il ruolo delle donne nelle aziende familiari, SDA Bocconi, Milano.
Dumas C. (1989), “Understanding of father-daughter and father-son dyads in family-owned businesses”, Family Business Review, 2 (1).
Dumas C. (1998), “Women’s Pathways to Participation and Leadership in the Family-Owned Firm”, Family Business Review, 11 (3).
Dyck B., Maus M., Starke F.A., Mischke G.A. (2002), “Passing the baton: The importance of sequence, timing, technique and communication in executive succession”, Journal of Business Venturing, 17 (2).
Favotto F. (a cura di) (2002), Imprese al bivio. Investire nella successione imprenditoriale come vantaggio competitivo, Rapporto di Ricerca – Gruppo Giovani Imprenditori di Unindustria
Padova e Facoltà di Economia di Padova.
Fox M., Nilakant V., Hamilton R.T. (1996), “Managing succession in family-owned business”, International Small Business Journal, 15, 1.
Gallo M.A. (1995), “Family business in Spain: tracks followed and outcomes reached by those among largest thousand”, Family Business Review, 8 (4).
Gomez-Mejia L.R., Larraza-Kintana M., Makri M. (2003), “The determinants of executive compensation in family-controlled public corporations”, Academy of Management Journal, 46
(2).
Gnan L., Montemerlo D. (2008), Le PMI familiari in Italia tra tradizione e novità. I risultati di una ricerca, Egea, Milano.
Gudmundson D., Tower B.C., Hartman A.E. (2003), “Innovation in small businesses: Culture and ownership structure do matter”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8 (1).
Habbershon T.G., Williams M.L. (1999), “A Resource-Based Framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms”, Family Business Review, 12 (1).
Habbershon T.G., Williams M.L., MacMillan I.C. (2003), “A unified systems perspective family firm performance”, Journal of Business Venturing, 18.
Hidalgo A., Albors J. (2008), “Innovation management techniques and tools: a review from theory and practice”, R&D Management, 38 (2).
Hollander, B.S., Bukowitz, W.R. (1990), “Women, family culture and family business”, Family Business Review, 3 (2).
Holmquist C. (1997), “The other side of the coin or another coin? – Women’s entrepreneurship as a complement or an alternative?”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9 (3).
Jimenez R.M. (2009), “Research on Women in Family Firms: Current Status and Future Directions”, Family Business Review, 22 (1).
Kellermanns F.W., Eddleston K. (2006), “Corporate entrepreneurship in family firms: A family perspective”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30 (6).
Kets de Vries M.F.R. (1988), “C’è sempre un lato oscuro nella scelta del successore”, Harvard Espansione, n. 40.
Kets de Vries M.F.R. (1993), “The dynamics of family controlled firms: The good and the bad news”, Organizational Dynamics, 21 (3).
Lansberg I. (1983), “Managing human resources in family firms: The problem of institutional overlap”, Organisational Dynamics, 12 (1).
Levinson H. (1971), “Conflicts that plague the family business”, Harvard Business Review, March-April.
Litz R.A., Kleysen R.F. (2001), “Your Old Men Shall Dream Dreams, Your Young Men Shall See Visions: Toward a Theory of Family Firm Innovation with Help from the Brubeck Family”, Family Business Review, 25 (4).
Lumpkin D.W., Dess G.G. (1996), “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance”, Academy of Management Review, 21.
Marchini I. (1988), “Piccole imprese e piccole imprese emergenti”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, n. 1.
Marchini I. (1995), Il governo della piccola impresa, Vol. 1 – Le basi delle conoscenze, ASPI/INS-EDIT, 2000.
MassMutual and Raymond Institute (2003), American Family Business Survey, Babson College.
Miller D., Steier L., Le Breton-Miller I. (2003), “Lost in time: intergenerational succession, change and failure in family business”, Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (4).
Morck R., Yeung B. (2003), “Agency problems in large family business groups”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27 (4).
Morris M.H., Williams R.O, Allen J.A., Avila R.A. (1997), “Correlates of success in family business transitions”, Journal of Business Venturing, 12.
Nieto M.J., Santamaría L., Zulima F. (2009), “Understanding the key drivers of innovation capabilities in family firms”, paper presentato al 5 th Workshop on Family Firms Management
Research, EIASM, Hasselt, Belgio.
Piantoni G. (1990), La successione familiare in azienda. Continuità dell’impresa e ricambio generazionale, Etas, Milano.
Rammer C., Czarnitzki D., Spielkamp A. (2009), “Innovation success of non-R&D performers: substituting technology by management in SMEs”, Small Business Economy, 33 (1).
Salganicoff M. (1990), “Women in family business: challenges and opportunities”, Family Business Review, 3 (2).
Santamaria L., Nieto M.J., Barge A. (2009), “Beyond formal R&D: Taking advantage of other sources of innovation in Low and Medium Technology Industries”, Research Policy, XXX.
Schillaci C.E. (1994), “Innovazione e transizione del potere imprenditoriale”, in AA.VV., I processi innovativi nelle piccole imprese, Lint, Trieste.
Sentuti A. (2008), PMI familiari e continuità aziendale: la successione “in genere”, tesi di dottorato non pubblicata, Università degli Studi di Urbino.
Sentuti A. (2009), “The other side of Succession. Female Entrepreneurs and the Intergenerational Transfer in Small and Medium Family-Owned Firms: Some Italian Empirical Evidence”, paper presentato al 5 th Workshop on Family Firms Management Research, EIASM, Hasselt, Belgio.
Sharma P., Chrisman J.J., Chua J.H. (1997), “Strategic management of the family business: past research and future challenges”, Family Business Review, 10 (1).
Sharma P., Chrisman J.J., Chua J.H. (2003), “Predictors of satisfaction with the succession process in family firms”, Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (4).
Schumpeter J.A. (1942), Capitalism, Socialism And Democracy, Harper and Row, New
York.
Sottoriva C. (2002), “I sentieri di sviluppo dell’impresa familiare di piccole e medie dimensioni: dalla creazione di reti al passaggio generazionale”, Problemi di gestione
dell’impresa. Raccolta di studi e ricerche, n. 3.
Szulanski G. (1996), “Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, 17.
Tan J., Fischer E., Mitchell R., Phan P. (2009), “At the Center of the Action: Innovation and Technology Strategy Research in the Small Business Setting”, Journal of Small Business Management, 47 (3).
Vera C.F., Dean M.A. (2005), “An Examination of the Challenges Daughters Face in Family Business Succession”, Family Business Review, 18 (4).
Vergani A. (2003), Imprenditore nato, Il Sole 24 Ore, Milano.
Ward J.L. (1987), Keeping the family business healthy, Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers San Francisco, CA.
Ward J.L. (1990), Di padre in figlio: l’impresa di famiglia , FrancoAngeli, Milano.
Zappa G. (1957), Le produzioni nell’economia delle imprese, Tomo I, Giuffré, Milano.
Zahra S.C., Hayton J.C., Salvato C. (2004), “Entrepreneurship in family vs non-family firms: A resource-based analysis of the effect of organizational culture”, Entrepreneurship
Theory & Practice, 28 (4).
Zahra S.A. (2005), “Entrepreneurial risk-taking in family firms”, Family Business Review, 18 (1).
Progetto di ricerca (Armal – Agenzia Regionale Marche Lavoro, Università Politecnica della Marche).
Aronoff C.E. (1998), “Megatrends in family business”, Family Business Review, 11 (3).
Arthur Andersen, MassMutual (1997), American Family Business Survey.
Beck L., Janssens W., Lommelen T., Sluismans R. (2009), “Research on innovation capacity antecedents: distinguishing between family and non-family businesses”, paper presentato al 5 th Workshop on Family Firms Management Research, EIASM, Hasselt, Belgio.
Bertella V. (1995), La pianificazione del ricambio generazionale nelle imprese familiari, Cedam, Padova.
Bird B., Brush C.G., (2002), “A gendered perspective on organizational creation”, Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 26 (3).
Blaž G.M.Z., Jaka V. (2008), “Family business: employing children and grooming successors”, paper presentato al 4 th Workshop on Family Firms Management Research, EIASM, 8-10 giugno, Napoli, Italia.
Boldizzoni D., Cifalinò A., Serio L. (2000), “L’impresa familiare: modelli di analisi ed evidenze empiriche. Una ricerca sull’imprenditorialità marchigiana”, Piccola Impresa/Small
Business, n. 3.
Cabrera-Suarez K., De Soa Perez P., Garcia Almeida D. (2001), “The succession process from a resource and knowledge-based view of the family firm”, Family Business Review, 14, (1).
Cesaroni M.F. (2006), “Filoni emergenti e ancora attuali in tema di imprenditorialità. L’ascesa delle donne e degli immigrati”, in Scritti in onore di Isa Marchini, Franco Angeli, Milano.
Chiesa V., De Massis A., Pasi M.L. (2007), “Gestire la successione nei family business: analisi di alcuni casi italiani”, Piccola impresa/Small business, n. 1.
Chirico F., Salvato C. (2008), “Knowledge Integration and Dynamic Organizational Adaptation in Family Firms”, Family Business Review, 21 (2).
Churchill N.C., Lewis V.L. (1983), “The five stages of small business growth”, Harvard Business Review, May-June.
Cifalinò A. (2000), “La partecipazione femminile all’impresa: una sintesi critica”, Problemi di gestione dell’impresa. Raccolta di studi e ricerche, n. 29.
Cole P.M. (1997), “Women in family business”, Family Business Review, 10 (4).
Compagno C., Pittino D. (2001). Succession processes and top team evolutions in small family business, Research Forum Proceedings, FBN annual world conference, Rome.
Compagno C., Cagnina M.R. (2004), CRES-Imprenderò – Mappatura e dimensionamento del fenomeno della successione generazionale nel Friuli Venezia Giulia, Progetto di ricerca (Centro Regionale Servizi per la Piccola e Media Industria – Progetto Imprenderò della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia).
Compagno C., Gubitta P. (2004), “Le PMI del Nordest tra continuità e sviluppo: una nuova classe imprenditoriale?”, nordesteuropa.it, n. 1.
Corbetta G., Dematté C. (1993), I processi di transizione delle imprese familiari, Mediocredito Lombardo (Studi e Ricerche).
Corbetta G. (1995), Le imprese familiari. Caratteri originali, varietà e condizioni di sviluppo, Egea, Milano.
Corbetta G. (2008), “Learning from practice: how to avoid mistakes in succession processes”, IESE – Book Chapter, disponibile sul sito www.itfera.it.
Costantinidis C., Nelson T. (2008), “Integrating Succession and Gender Issues from the Perspective of the Daughter of Family Enterprise across the U.S. and EU”, working paper.
Craig B.L.J., Moores K. (2006), “A 10-year longitudinal investigation of strategy, systems, and environment on innovation in family firms”, Family Business Review, 19 (1).
Cucculelli M. (2004), “Imprenditorialità e progetti di innovazione nel passaggio generazionale dell’impresa. Il caso delle Marche”, Economia Marche, n. 3.
Damanpour F., Evan W.M. (1984), “Organizational innovation and performance: the problem „organizational lag””, Administrative Science Quarterly, n. 29.
Danco K. (1981), From the other side of the bed: a woman looks at life in the family business, University Press, Cleveland.
Davenport T.H., Prusak L. (1998), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, USA.
Davis P., Harverston P. (1998), “The influence of family on the family business succession process: A multigenerational perspective”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, n. 19.
Dematté C. (2001), “Modello di gestione e ciclo di vita delle imprese”, Economia & Management, n. 3.
Donckels, Frohlich (1991), “Are Family Business Really Different? European Experience from STRATOS”, Family Business Review, 4 (2).
Dubini P., Songini L. (2002), I rapporti famiglia-impresa: il ruolo delle donne nelle aziende familiari, SDA Bocconi, Milano.
Dumas C. (1989), “Understanding of father-daughter and father-son dyads in family-owned businesses”, Family Business Review, 2 (1).
Dumas C. (1998), “Women’s Pathways to Participation and Leadership in the Family-Owned Firm”, Family Business Review, 11 (3).
Dyck B., Maus M., Starke F.A., Mischke G.A. (2002), “Passing the baton: The importance of sequence, timing, technique and communication in executive succession”, Journal of Business Venturing, 17 (2).
Favotto F. (a cura di) (2002), Imprese al bivio. Investire nella successione imprenditoriale come vantaggio competitivo, Rapporto di Ricerca – Gruppo Giovani Imprenditori di Unindustria
Padova e Facoltà di Economia di Padova.
Fox M., Nilakant V., Hamilton R.T. (1996), “Managing succession in family-owned business”, International Small Business Journal, 15, 1.
Gallo M.A. (1995), “Family business in Spain: tracks followed and outcomes reached by those among largest thousand”, Family Business Review, 8 (4).
Gomez-Mejia L.R., Larraza-Kintana M., Makri M. (2003), “The determinants of executive compensation in family-controlled public corporations”, Academy of Management Journal, 46
(2).
Gnan L., Montemerlo D. (2008), Le PMI familiari in Italia tra tradizione e novità. I risultati di una ricerca, Egea, Milano.
Gudmundson D., Tower B.C., Hartman A.E. (2003), “Innovation in small businesses: Culture and ownership structure do matter”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8 (1).
Habbershon T.G., Williams M.L. (1999), “A Resource-Based Framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms”, Family Business Review, 12 (1).
Habbershon T.G., Williams M.L., MacMillan I.C. (2003), “A unified systems perspective family firm performance”, Journal of Business Venturing, 18.
Hidalgo A., Albors J. (2008), “Innovation management techniques and tools: a review from theory and practice”, R&D Management, 38 (2).
Hollander, B.S., Bukowitz, W.R. (1990), “Women, family culture and family business”, Family Business Review, 3 (2).
Holmquist C. (1997), “The other side of the coin or another coin? – Women’s entrepreneurship as a complement or an alternative?”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9 (3).
Jimenez R.M. (2009), “Research on Women in Family Firms: Current Status and Future Directions”, Family Business Review, 22 (1).
Kellermanns F.W., Eddleston K. (2006), “Corporate entrepreneurship in family firms: A family perspective”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30 (6).
Kets de Vries M.F.R. (1988), “C’è sempre un lato oscuro nella scelta del successore”, Harvard Espansione, n. 40.
Kets de Vries M.F.R. (1993), “The dynamics of family controlled firms: The good and the bad news”, Organizational Dynamics, 21 (3).
Lansberg I. (1983), “Managing human resources in family firms: The problem of institutional overlap”, Organisational Dynamics, 12 (1).
Levinson H. (1971), “Conflicts that plague the family business”, Harvard Business Review, March-April.
Litz R.A., Kleysen R.F. (2001), “Your Old Men Shall Dream Dreams, Your Young Men Shall See Visions: Toward a Theory of Family Firm Innovation with Help from the Brubeck Family”, Family Business Review, 25 (4).
Lumpkin D.W., Dess G.G. (1996), “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance”, Academy of Management Review, 21.
Marchini I. (1988), “Piccole imprese e piccole imprese emergenti”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, n. 1.
Marchini I. (1995), Il governo della piccola impresa, Vol. 1 – Le basi delle conoscenze, ASPI/INS-EDIT, 2000.
MassMutual and Raymond Institute (2003), American Family Business Survey, Babson College.
Miller D., Steier L., Le Breton-Miller I. (2003), “Lost in time: intergenerational succession, change and failure in family business”, Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (4).
Morck R., Yeung B. (2003), “Agency problems in large family business groups”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27 (4).
Morris M.H., Williams R.O, Allen J.A., Avila R.A. (1997), “Correlates of success in family business transitions”, Journal of Business Venturing, 12.
Nieto M.J., Santamaría L., Zulima F. (2009), “Understanding the key drivers of innovation capabilities in family firms”, paper presentato al 5 th Workshop on Family Firms Management
Research, EIASM, Hasselt, Belgio.
Piantoni G. (1990), La successione familiare in azienda. Continuità dell’impresa e ricambio generazionale, Etas, Milano.
Rammer C., Czarnitzki D., Spielkamp A. (2009), “Innovation success of non-R&D performers: substituting technology by management in SMEs”, Small Business Economy, 33 (1).
Salganicoff M. (1990), “Women in family business: challenges and opportunities”, Family Business Review, 3 (2).
Santamaria L., Nieto M.J., Barge A. (2009), “Beyond formal R&D: Taking advantage of other sources of innovation in Low and Medium Technology Industries”, Research Policy, XXX.
Schillaci C.E. (1994), “Innovazione e transizione del potere imprenditoriale”, in AA.VV., I processi innovativi nelle piccole imprese, Lint, Trieste.
Sentuti A. (2008), PMI familiari e continuità aziendale: la successione “in genere”, tesi di dottorato non pubblicata, Università degli Studi di Urbino.
Sentuti A. (2009), “The other side of Succession. Female Entrepreneurs and the Intergenerational Transfer in Small and Medium Family-Owned Firms: Some Italian Empirical Evidence”, paper presentato al 5 th Workshop on Family Firms Management Research, EIASM, Hasselt, Belgio.
Sharma P., Chrisman J.J., Chua J.H. (1997), “Strategic management of the family business: past research and future challenges”, Family Business Review, 10 (1).
Sharma P., Chrisman J.J., Chua J.H. (2003), “Predictors of satisfaction with the succession process in family firms”, Journal of Business Venturing, 18 (4).
Schumpeter J.A. (1942), Capitalism, Socialism And Democracy, Harper and Row, New
York.
Sottoriva C. (2002), “I sentieri di sviluppo dell’impresa familiare di piccole e medie dimensioni: dalla creazione di reti al passaggio generazionale”, Problemi di gestione
dell’impresa. Raccolta di studi e ricerche, n. 3.
Szulanski G. (1996), “Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, 17.
Tan J., Fischer E., Mitchell R., Phan P. (2009), “At the Center of the Action: Innovation and Technology Strategy Research in the Small Business Setting”, Journal of Small Business Management, 47 (3).
Vera C.F., Dean M.A. (2005), “An Examination of the Challenges Daughters Face in Family Business Succession”, Family Business Review, 18 (4).
Vergani A. (2003), Imprenditore nato, Il Sole 24 Ore, Milano.
Ward J.L. (1987), Keeping the family business healthy, Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers San Francisco, CA.
Ward J.L. (1990), Di padre in figlio: l’impresa di famiglia , FrancoAngeli, Milano.
Zappa G. (1957), Le produzioni nell’economia delle imprese, Tomo I, Giuffré, Milano.
Zahra S.C., Hayton J.C., Salvato C. (2004), “Entrepreneurship in family vs non-family firms: A resource-based analysis of the effect of organizational culture”, Entrepreneurship
Theory & Practice, 28 (4).
Zahra S.A. (2005), “Entrepreneurial risk-taking in family firms”, Family Business Review, 18 (1).
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